There are lots of diets. Most of them are bunk. So let's look at some basic knowledge that we understand about biology & nutrition.

First, we start with a definition of terms. Good science always has terms. Once they are defined, things become much clearer...

• ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): this molecule is biology's basic currency of energy. ATP molecules are an end result of our metabolic processes. These molecules are used as a common currency to provide the energy to drive all our bodily functions. Some nutrients provide far more ATP than other nutrients. For instance, metabolism of a Fat molecule provides a MUCH greater number of ATP molecules than does metabolism of a Carbohydrate molecule. Wikipedia has this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate

• Mitochondria: these are organelles found in almost every cell of your body, usually thousands per cell. There two classes of cells in your body that do not have mitochondria — most importantly your mature red blood cells. This is an important fact we will come back to later. Mitochondria are the organelles that produce almost all the energy in your body. Mitochondria use Fats & Carbohydrates to produce ATP along with other byproducts. Wikipedia has this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion

• Essential Nutrient: You might think this is easy — essential means it's required to live & thrive. But, of course, it's not quite that easy. When it comes to diet, Essential Nutrient does not solely mean that you need it to live. It also means that you must get it from your diet. In other words, your body cannot make the nutrient, therefore it must come from outside your body through diet. It is Essential in your diet.
  
  Good examples of this are Vitamin D & Vitamin C. Both of these vitamins are essential for you to live & thrive. Vitamin D can be made by your body — just stand outside at noon on a sunny day, wearing only your swimsuit & in 20 minutes your body will make about 20,000 IU of Vitamin D. However, no matter how long you stand in the sunlight, your body will not make Vitamin C. Cows make their own Vitamin C, but we humans can only get Vitamin C from our diet. So, Vitamin C is an Essential Nutrient, whereas Vitamin D is not. Wikipedia has this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient#Essential_nutrients

In addition to the classification of nutrients into Essential or not, nutrition also has a separate classification scheme based on the amount of a nutrient that we need. Note that this is a separate classification than Essential or not.

• Micro-Nutrient: These are nutrients of which we only need small amounts. Typically the dosages are in micrograms (mcg), or milligrams (mg). Vitamin A requirements tend to be in the mcg range. Vitamin C requirements tend to be in the mg range. Micro-nutrients are generally, Vitamins & Minerals. Note that while some vitamins are essential, and some are not, all minerals are essential. Your body will not make Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Boron, Zinc, Magnesium, etc.

• Macro-Nutrient: These are nutrients of which we need and/or consume large (macro) amounts. These are typically measured in grams or ounces. The 3 macro-nutrient categories are:

  • Fats
  • Amino Acids (consumed as proteins)
  • Carbohydrates

Let's make a table that categorizes these things according to their different classifications — it might help in understanding this mess of confusion.

​ Nutrient	​ Essential?	​ Non-Essential?
​ Vitamins	​ Some	​ Some
​ Minerals	​ All	​ None
​ Fats	​ Some (2)	​ Some
​ Amino Acids	​ Some (9)	​ Some
​ Carbohydrates	​ None	​ All

Just to complicate things a little more, let's add one more category of nutrients that most people don't know about, and other people know about but don't talk about: Anti-Nutrients.

WTF?
Anti-Nutrients are things we get in our diet that are actually bad for us. Examples of these are:

• Poisons: Cyanide, for instance. Almond & Apple seeds contain amygdalin. When crushed, e.g. chewed, amygdalin can be converted to cyanide. These are generally found in nuts & seeds.
• Lectins: These are proteins, and in humans (and other animals) they can cause a disruption in the adhesion between the cells of your intestine (leaky gut). Gluten is a type of lectin, but Lectin is a much broader category. Lectins are found in all plants. Because they are proteins, they can be inactivated through cooking. Note that "can be" does not necessarily mean "all" or "completely". They can also be neuro-disruptors as well. The nerve gas Ricin is derived from castor beans. They can also cause agglutination of your red blood cells.
• Phytates: these are generally found in nuts, seeds, & legumes. Phytates bind to minerals — so when you consume phytates, they can cause malabsorption of the essential minerals in your diet. Cooking can remove some phytates, but the generally preferred methods are soaking in an acid solution or pickling. This is why you soak beans overnight before cooking them.
• Oxalates: these are basically salts of oxalic acids. Many plants contain oxalic acid. The acids from the plants combine with minerals in your body and form little oxalate salt crystals. These are usually excreted in your urine. But if you eat an oxalate-rich diet, or don't metabolize oxalic acid well, these can cause "stone" problems.

Note that all of the examples of anti-nutrients above come from plants.

Wait! WTF? I thought plants were good for you? I thought the body needed glucose from carbohydrates to run the brain? It turns out, not so much.

Remember the "gotcha" part of Essential Nutrient was that your body could ONLY get the required nutrient from your diet? Your body will make glucose. The process is called gluconeogenesis. So glucose is NOT an essential nutrient - by definition.

So how much glucose do you really need?
About 20 grams per day, or about 5 teaspoons. At any time of the day, you only have about 1 teaspoon of glucose circulating in your blood stream.

What about my brain? Doesn't it use glucose for energy?
Yes it does. But it also can use ketone bodies which are produced by metabolizing Fats. And your brain gets more energy from ketones than from glucose.

TL;DR: Carbohydrates are NOT an essential part of your diet...

Why I Won't Vote for The Donald (Trump) ...

The Donald certainly seems to be a successful businessman. He definitely has a higher net worth than I do. He's built a lot of high dollar properties, employed more people, etc. From the standpoint of someone who might be able to improve the American business climate, I'm guessing he'll do a MUCH better job than our current Prevaricator Of The United States could ever do. He'd probably do a better job of negotiating with our "frenemies" such as China, Russia, Mexico, and Venezuela.

But I don't think these issues are at the core of our problems in the United States. The base issue, is that we are no longer following the principles of our Constitution. The Constitution assigns separate powers to the separate branches of the Federal Government. This separation was broken many years ago. When Congress gave the Executive Branch the authority to create regulations through different agencies that would have the force of law, Congress gave up it's  Legislative power to the Executive branch. Until this President came into office, the Executive branch has been somewhat circumspect about creating new Laws/Regulations. But the current Prevaricator Of The United States, has gone overboard. Things had been getting worse slowly, but it has greatly accelerated in these last two terms.

The reason I won't vote for The Donald, is he appears to be oblivious to this. He speaks of making better deals, about creating jobs, etc. But nothing about our Constitution and how it is being ignored. He's said nothing about how he would try to fix that. So, if he gets into office, things will only get worse NO MATTER WHAT HE DOES.

He will not restore our freedom, because he does not really understand the Constitution ...

Hyper - Hypocritical Harry?

Recently, Dirty Harry made a speech on the Senate floor about the "racist" NFL. Apparently, he feels any reference to Indians is some sort of derogatory remark. You can read about it here.

So, I did a cursory search on the interweb about Indian related names in the glorius home state of Dirty Harry, Nevada. Here's what about 10 seconds of searching found (not guaranteed to be complete).

Mesquite (derived from an Aztec name)
Winnemucca
Tonopah
Pahrump
Washoe

Of course, it's not enough to just rename the cities and counties. You have to rename all the government buildings, libraries, school districts, schools, school teams, possibly junior college teams, and even private business that use the name of the city / county in their business name.

Clean up your own house first, Harry!

Facebook Is No Longer Trustworthy ...

I've been pondering the issue raised by recent disclosures that Facebook "altered" views of some test subjects Timelines. It did this by "hiding" either negative posts, or "positive" posts for certain viewers, and then measuring whether this had a negative or positive effect on the posts placed later by the viewers (if I understand the experiment correctly).

The big brouhaha has been about whether Facebook had violated some ethical rules regarding conducting psychological experiments. There's a very nice discussion here about this aspect of the issue.

However, from my perspective, everyone is missing the real point. Facebook violated its social contract with its subscribers. When we sign up for Facebook, it's understood that Facebook will use our data in managing and optimizing its relationship with advertisers. That's how Facebook makes revenue for itself. We sign up knowing this, in exchange for free services to communicate our thoughts and feelings to others; friends, family, the world, depending on our security settings. However, we have an expectation, and a reasonable one, that Facebook will present that representation of ourselves faithfully. In other words, what I post is what others see. 

Facebook violated that trust. Their experiment involved un-faithfully representing people's presentation of themselves to their friends, family and the world. In other words, I can no longer trust that Facebook will faithfully and truthfully present my representation of myself. 

In this case, Facebook simply "removed" some posts that other viewed. Imagine: I go to my Facebook page, and see every post I've made. However, someone else going to my page sees a different set of posts. That's not good. I can no longer trust that my friends are viewing everything I want them to see. 

But it gets worse. Now that Facebook has shown it is willing to "hide" some posts, what's to stop them from experimenting and "adding" some posts? First, it might be posts about products. Let's say I click on a particular ad when I visit my own page three times in a row. Facebook could easily "add" a post such as, "I'm really interested in this product! I'm thinking of buying it!" with an embedded link to the product page. That might lead my friends to click on it as well. Facebook could easily "hide" this post from me when I visit my own page. And hide any responses from friends to this made-up post. Suppose I'm applying for a new job. And Facebook has "chosen" my account as one of the "subjects" to which posts will be added and viewed by others than me. I might not get that job because my potential employer saw something they didn't like, THAT I NEVER POSTED AND I NEVER SAW!

Later, it could be posts about something else; politics, religion; anything. And what's to stop them? Nothing, really. 

They've already demonstrated a willingness to mess with your page and what other people see on it. And they whole-heartedly did NOT apologize. They merely stated that they had poorly communicated what they had done.

Think of it this way. You're married. Your spouse, for unknown reasons, and unbeknownst to you, starts telling stories about you: he's cheating on me; he hits me; he molests the children. All of a sudden you're friends start treating you differently than they have in the past. Perhaps the police start investigating you. Finally, you find out what your spouse has done. And what does your spouse do? Doesn't apologize, just says "Well, I guess I could have communicated it to you in a better fashion..."

Would you ever trust that spouse again?

I no longer trust Facebook ...

Proud of Your Ignorance?

Granted, I’m a curmudgeon, and take umbrage at things that other’s might easily overlook or forgive. But making simple spelling mistakes on an email blast that represents your company to the world does not strike me as a way to make a great impression. I received this email today:

I’m sure whatever tool was used to create the original email had some spell check capability.

Is this company too proud to use a spell checker? If they’re not willing, or not smart enough, to use spell checking on a public document, what confidence do you have they will be careful with the work they do for you?

Boycott Mozilla?

Given how the new CEO of Mozilla was hounded out of Mozilla by a bunch of intolerant employees, I've decided to never again use any Mozilla products. Firefox has been removed from every computer in my, albeit small, company.

As a Libertarian, I believe any consulting adult should be allowed to enroll into a civil union with as many other consenting adults as they choose. Sanctifying a civil union through a church, temple, or synagogue should be strictly a religious matter. And that religious organization should be free to accept or refuse to sanctify any union they choose. That's what freedom of association, and freedom of religion are about.

However, the tactics of the loud mouthed, self-righteous, intolerant employees of Mozilla, and that stupid OKCupid web-site, are too much for me.

Their behavior smacks of the tactics and goals of every modern totalitarian,  fascist regime that has existed since the beginning of the 20th century. I want nothing to do with them.

So, I am going to boycott Mozilla because of the intolerance of their company, for their punishing of someone who exercised his Constitutional rights in a manner that they deemed inappropriate, and for their absolute ignorance and hypocrisy of what free discourse means.

I hope others will join me, and eventually the company devolves into bankruptcy, and the loud-mouthed peons with their silent supporters are out on the street without a job. Nothing would be a more fitting result.
(this is a repost from another blog of mine, theDotNetTavern)

Should Any Organization Be Tax Exempt?

Recently, one of our local weekly papers published a Letter to the Editor from a gentleman who indicated he was upset that the Boy Scouts of America were tax-exempt. He felt that as they "discriminate" against gays that they should not be eligible to receive a tax-exemption. The writer made a point in his letter that he is on on the board of directors of one of our local Lutheran churches.  I responded to his letter with my own. The editor modified my letter slightly, which I repeat below, but did not change the general nature or intent of my original.

Regarding the recent letter writer who suggested the Boy Scouts of America should lose their tax-exempt status because he doesn't like their policies: perhaps he should consider how many other tax-exempt entities discriminate. 

The Girl Scouts: they are guilty of gender discrimination. They won't accept my son as a member. Like the BSA, their oath requires the members serve God and their faith. Surely that's a problem for girls whose families are agnostic or atheist. Cut them off. No exemption for them. Don't let them use the church facilities. Or how about the Black Chamber of Commerce, La Raza or Asian-American anything? Surely their names tell it all. They discriminate on the basis of race. No tax exemption for them. 

Or how about those Muslims, Catholics and Jews? You have to learn their Koran, Bible or Torah, and possibly (if male) get circumcised before you join those guys. You can't be an atheist and join those groups. Religious discrimination. 

Come to think of it, why are any of these groups tax-exempt? Why should I be forced to pay to make up for the lost revenue from any of the above sources? While I agree with the purposes of the BSA and the GSA, I'm against the ethnic this or that of anything, and just about every organized religion, including the letter writer's Lutheran religion. "He among you who is without sin, let him first cast a stone ... "